How to Plant Apples - Business Independent

The first planted apples in the middle of Asia, And now the apple has grown in many regions of the world with a cooler air temperature. Apples are an annual fruit plant originating from the western asia region with a subtropical climate. And in the country of Indonesia has been planted since 1934 until now this time.

Types of apple plants according to Systematic apple crops included in:

1. Divisio: Spermatophyta
2. Subdivisio: Angiosperms
3. Class: Dicotyledonae
4. Order: Rosales
5. Family: Rosaceae
6. Genus: Malus
7. Species: Malus sylvestris Mill

From Mill sylvestris Species There are various varieties that have its own characteristics or peculiarities. Some of the leading varieties of Apple include: Rome Beauty, Manalagi, Anna, Princess noble, Dan Wangli / Lali jiwo. Well below here Elderly course we are at the core of the article Best Tips Cultivating And Cultivating The Apple.

Plant Benefits

Apples contain lots of Vitamin C And B, in addition to that apples are often the choice of dieters as food Substitution.

Terms of Growing Apple

1. Climate

2. The ideal rainfall is (1,000-2,600 mm / year With rainy days 110-150 days / year). Within a year the number of wet or rainy months is 6-7 months and dry months 3-4 months. High rainfall during flowering will cause the fallen flowers so can not be a fruit.

3. Plant Apples need enough sun light between (50-60%) in every day. Especially at the time of flowering.

4. The appropriate temperature ranges from (16-27Degrees C).

5. Humidity of air in the desired or in need of apple plant around (75-85%).


Growing media

1. Apple plants grow well on deep soil, have a high organic layer, and the soil structure is crumbs and friable, has an aeris, water absorption, and also good porosity. So that the exchange of Oxygen and nutrient movement and water storage capacity is Optimal.

2. The suitable soils are Latosol, Andosol and Regosol.

3. The degree of acidity of pH soil suitable for apple crop is 6-7 and the required groundwater content is water available.

4. In the growth of apple crops require sufficient ground water content.

5. The slopes are too sharp will complicate the maintenance of plants, so if still possible in making terracing so the land is still feasible in planting.

Elevation Place

Apple plants can grow and bear good fruit at altitude (700-1200 m asl) And with Optimal height (1,000-1,200 m asl).

Cultivation Guidelines

Seedling

Propagation of apple plants is done in Vegetatif and generative. Propagation is good and old and often produces seeds that deviate from the mother. Generative propagation technique is done by seed, while Vegetative propagation is done by grafting or grafting (grafting) or connection (grafting) and cuttings.

1. Seed Requirement: Low root requirement is Wild apple, Roots broad and strong, sturdy tree shape, has high adaptability, While the requirement of bud eye is derived from healthy apple plant stems and has superior properties.

2. Seed Preparation: Seed preparation is done by multiplication of rootstock in do The following steps are below:

Puppies

1. The characteristics of the seedling taken is as high as 30 cm, 0.5 cm diameter, and the bark of brownish.

2. The seedlings are taken from the base of the rootstock of the productive crop by digging the soil around the tree, then the seedlings are pulled off and the roots are slowly and cautiously.

3. After the tillers are pulled, the seedlings in rompes and branches are cut, then planted on a bed 60 cm wide with a trench depth of 40 cm.

Rundles (Layering)

Seed result can be obtained in two ways:

1. Wild saplings: Long-term tillers are laid on the ground, then the branches in wooden clips and on the ground itmbin. Stockpiling is done Each eye and when it has enough strong buds can be separated by cutting branches.

2. Arrangement of paddy field stick: Conducted at the time of open patch (2 weeks) That is by cutting 2/3 of the cross section of the rice field. about 2 cm above the patch, and the top of the rust is immersed in the ground and then bend again upwards. Then at the bending of the wood or Bamboo clamp.

3. After the mound is about 4 months old, in the separation of seeds will be done by cutting the sloping stem below the rim or bending. Then the scars smeared defolatan.

Cuttings

Wild apple cuttings 15-20 cm in length (Uniform and straight diameter), Before planting the bottom of the cuttings in a dipping solution of Roton F to stimulate root growth. And the planting distance (30 x 25 cm) Each bed is planted in two rows, And the cuttings are ready to be inoculated at the age of 5months, and he stem meter 1 cm and rooting strong enough.

Nursery Technique

Attachment.

1. Choose a qualified rootstock, which is 5 months old, and stem diameter ± 1 cm and the bark is easy to peel off the wood.

2. Grab the sticky eye from a healthy branch or stem that comes from a superior varietal apple tree that has proven its superiority. the way is by slashing the eyes stick along with the wood along the 2.5-5cm. (His eyes in the middle) Then the wooden layer in the exhaust carefully so that his eyes are not Damaged.

3. Create an open bark tongue on the rootstock as high as ± 20 cm from the base of the stem with a size that is adjusted to the eye stick, And the tongue is raised from the wood and cut in half.

4. Insert eyes paste into tongue rootstock so that sticking well Continue binding temempelan with white plastic tape with all the patches.

5. After 2-3 weeks, patch bond can be opened and spray / compress with (ZPT). Then the finished patches have a fresh green paste sticky and attached.

6. In the finished grafting, the stem diameter is about 2 cm above the grafting with the transverse position slightly inclined upward as deep as 2/3 of the cross section. The purpose to Concentrate growth so as to spur the growth of Tunas eyes.

Splicing

1. The upper trunk (Entres) is a branch (bud of lateral branch).
2. The rootstock in pieces at a height of 20 cm from the neck of the roots.
3. Cut the shoot and halve the center of the rootstock with a length of 2-5 cm.
4. Branch entres cut into 15 cm long (3 eyes) And dauny in waste, Then the base of the top stem in the wedge-shaped wedge. And the length of the slice is equal to the length of the lower stem.
5. Btang top inserted into the rootstock, so that both cambium can meet.
6. Tie the joint with the plastic strap as tightly as possible.
7. Veil each connection with a plastic bag, Then after 2-3 weeks old plastic veil can be opened to see the success of the connection.

Nursery Maintenance

Maintenance of rootstock include:

A. Fertilization: Fertilization is done once every 1-2 months with urea and TSP Each 5 grams per plant (spread around) around the plant.

B. Penyancar: Weaning time depends on the growth of weeds.

C. Pengiran: 1 Week once (if not Rain).

D. Pest and Disease Eradication: In the spray of pesticides 2 times each month with attention to the symptoms of attack, Fungicide is in use is (Antracol or Dithane). While the insecticide is (Supracide or Decis). Together with this can also be given Leaf Fertilizer, And in added glue (Agristic).

Seed Transfer

Grafting grafting seed or (attachment and connection) can be moved to the field at the age of at least 6 months after grafting. Cut into pieces up to 80-100 cm and leaves in rompes.

Processing Media Planting

1. Preparation: Preparation is needed Preparation of land preparation and implementation of surveys. And the purpose to know the type of plant, kemiringn soil, Kedaan land, Determining the needs of labor, materials equipment, And the costs needed / need.

2. Land Opening: The soil is processed by hoeing the soil as well as cleaning the Remnants of the remaining plants.

3. The establishment of beds: In plants Apples are almost not in need, but only raising alu planting.

4. Liming: Liming aims to maintain the pH balance of the soil, Calcification is only done if the soil pH is less than 6.

5. Fertilization: Fertilizers are given on the processing of land is as much manure (20 grams) per planting hole in the mix evenly with the soil, After that let for 2 weeks.

Planting Technique

1. Determination of Cropping Patterns: Apple crops can be planted in monoculture and intercroping, Intercroping can only be done if the soil has not been covered leaf-canopy leaves before 2 years. But at this time, after going through some intercroping research on apple crops can be done with plants that have low habitat, such as: Chili, Onion And others. Apple plants can not be in tnam at too close distances because it will become very lush which will cause high humidity, Air Circulation is less, Sunlight is inhibited and increase disease growth The ideal planting distance for apple plants depends on varieties. For varieties manalagi and Prices Moble is 3-3,5 x 3.5 m, As for the varieties of Rome Beauty and Anna can be shorter that is 2-3 x 2.5-3 m.

2. Making Planting Hole: Size of tanm hole between (50 x 50 x 50 cm) Up (1 x 1 x 1 m). Top soil and lower soil separated, each mixed in manure Approximately 20 kg, then the soil in let for 2 weeks, And before planting the excavation land in the return according to the origin.

3. How to Planting: Planting the apple is done either in the rainy season or dry (In the fields) for the field tegal is recommended in the rainy season. Well below here how to plant apple seeds are:

• Insert the bottom ground of the seedlings into the planting hole.
• Put the seeds in the middle of the hole while diatar perakaranya to spread.
• Insert the top soil in the hole to the extent of the roots and added the excavation of the hole.
• If all the plants have entered, then the soil is pressed slowly by hand so that the seeds are firmly planted and straight. And to withstand the wind, Seedlings can be planted on the ajir with loose ties.

Plant Maintenance

1. Thinning and Stitching: Thinning plant is not done. While embroidery is done on plants that die or in shut down because it does not produce by planting new plants replacing old plants. Stitching should be done in the rainy season.

2. Weeding: Weeding is only done around the parent plant there are many weeds that can disrupt the plant. In the garden planted with an apple with a dense spacing so that grass can not grow.

3. Pembubunan: Weeding is usually followed by the pembubunan land, pembubunan in maximal to raise the soil around the plant so as not waterlogged and also to menggemburkn land. Pembubunan usually done after harvest or simultaneously with fertilization.

4. Pruning / Pruning: The part that needs to be cut is a new seedlings planted as high as 80 cm, shoots that grow below 60 cm, shoots the ends of several segments of the buds, 4-6 eyes and fruit stalks, Knop that is not fertile, Branch yng diseased, And not productive. Branches that make it difficult for the moon to be in the desired shape 4-5 years.

5. Fertilization: Rainy season / Paddy land. Simultaneously leaf rompes.

Pests And Diseases

1. Pests. Green tick (Aphis pomi Geer)

Characteristics: Adults are yellowish green, Short antennae, 1.8 mm body length, Some are winged and some are wingless. Panjng wing 1.7 mm, Black and breed very fast, eggs can hatch in 3-4 days.

Symptoms: 1. Neither nymph nor adult infestation attack by sucking fluid Cells, Leaves in groups on the surface of young leaves, especially at the tip of the young shoots, branches, flowers, and fruit,

2. Lice produce honey dew yng will coat the surface of the leaves and stimulate the growth of black fungus (dewdrop) And the leaves change shape Frowning, Leriting, Flowering late, The young fruits fall, If not the quality of the fruit look ugly.

Control:

• Garden sanitation and spacing arrangement should not be too tight.
• With natural enemies coccinellidae lycosa.
• By spraying Supracide 40 EC (Ba Metidation) Dosage of 2 cc / liter of water or 1-1.6 liters.
• Supracide 40 EC in 500-800 liters / ha of water with spraying intervals 2 weeks.
• Convidor 200 SL (b.a. Imidakloprid) Dosage 0.125-0.250 cc / liter of water.
• Convidor 200 SL in 600 liters / h of water with spraying interval 10 days.
• The convidor can be lethal until the eggs, How to spray from top to bottom. And spraying is done 1-2 weeks before flowering and continued 1-1.5 months after flowers bloom up to 15 days before harvest.
• Mite, Spinder mite, Red whip, (panonychus Ulmi)
• Characteristics: Old waved color, Length 0.6 mm.

Symptoms

1. Mites attack the leaves by sucking liquid Leaf cell cells.
2. On a great attack causes yellow blur, brown, and dries.
3. On the fruits that cause streaks of cranny or brown.

Control:

• With natural cultivation coccinellidae and lycosa.
• Spraying Akarisida Omite 570 EC of 2 cc / liter of water or 1 liter Akarisida Omite 570 EC in 500 liters of water / hectare at 2-week intervals.
• Trips
• Characteristics: Small size 1 mm long, white nymph Yellowish, Dark brown, mature Adult, Moving quickly and if the touch will fly away quickly.

Symptoms

1. Attack leaves, buds / buds, and fruit that is still very young.
2. On the leaves look white spots, both sides of the leaves curl upwards and abnormal growth.
3. At the tip of the leaves the buds dry and fall.
4. On the leaves leave a scar that is brownish-gray.

Control:

• Mechanical by removing the eggs on the leaves and keeping the canopy environment of the plant is not too tight.
• Spraying with intecticide such as lannate 25 WP (b.a. Methomyl) with dose of 2 cc / liter of water or Lebaycid 550 EC (b.a. Fention) with dosage of 2 cc / liter of water at the time the plants are sprout,Flowering, and fruit formation.
• Caterpillar Leaf (Spodopteralitura)
• Characteristics: Green larvae with gray lines extending from the abdomen to the head. On the lateral larvae there is a circular or semicircular black spots. Lay eggs in groups and covered with light brown hair.
• Symptoms: Attacking the leaves, causing irregular pits to the bones of leaves.

Control:

• Mechanical by removing the eggs on the leaves
• Spraying by spraying such as Tamaron 200 LC (b.a. Metamidofos) and Nuvacron 20 SCW (b.a. Monocrotofos).
• Leaf Sucking Insects (Helopelthis Sp)
• Characteristics: Helopelthis theivora with black and red abdomen, while the helopelthis Antoni with red and white abdomen, small insects, new nymph lengths drip 1 mmand long adult insects 6-8 mm. In the thoraknya there is a lump that resembles a needle.
• Symptoms: Attack in the morning, Afternoon or at times cloudy. Attacking young leaves, Shoots and fruit by sucking the liquid cells, leaves are attacked into brown and its development is not symmetrical, buds are attacked to brown, dry and eventually die too, The attack on the fruit causes the fruit to spottle brown spots, nekrose, and when enlarged fruit, This spotting patches particles, which causes the quality of the fruit to decline.

Control:

• Mechanically by bunching of plastic roof / fruit picking.
• Spraying with insecticides such as: Lannate 25 WP (b.a. Metomyl), Baycarb 500 EC (b.a. BPMC) Which is done in the afternoon or early morning.
• Black Leaf Caterpillar (Dasychira Inclusa Walker)
• Characteristics: The larva has 2 crests near the black head that leads to the collar of the head, And on the body there are 4 crest which is a collection of brown and blackish. Along the two sides of the body there is a hair colored Gray and 50 mm long larvae.
• Symptoms: Attacking young and old leaves, And plants are attacked live bone Daun daunya with 30% damage. And by day the larvae hide behind the leaves.

Control:

• Mechanical by removing eggs that are usually placed on leaves.
• Insecticide Spraying Like: Nuvacron 20 SCW (b.a. Monocrotofos) And matador 25 EC.
• Fruit Flies (Rhagloletis Pomonella)
• Characteristics: Larva not legs, After hatching of eggs 10 days later can immediately eat the fruit flesh, Color black flies, And yellowish legs then lay eggs on the fruit,
• Symptoms: The shape of the fruit becomes ugly, And looks lump-bump.

Control:

• Spraying of contact insecticide such as Lebacyd 550 EC.
• Make a male fly device using Methyleugenol as much as 0.1 cc then in drops on cotton that has been in tetesi Insektisida 2 cc. And the cotton is inserted into a plastic bottle (mineral water) Which in hanging with a height of 2 meters, Because the smell is similar Bau-odor that the female out, the male attracted and sucked the cotton.

Disease

1. Flow Dew disease (Powdery Mildew)

 Cause: Padosphaera leucottich Salm. With Stadia imperfeknya is oidium Sp.

Symptoms:

1. On the upper leaves appear Whiten or white, Shoots are not normal, dwarf and unfruitful,
2. On brown fruit, And brown warts.

Control:

• Cut out shoots or parts that are sick and burned.
• By spraying a fungicide Nimrod 250 EC (2.5-5 cc / 10 liter water (500 liters / Ha) Or Afugan 300 EC (0.5-1 cc / liter of water (Prevention) And 1-1.5 cc / liters of water After the plucking until the shoots are 4-5 weeks old with intervals of 5-7 Days.
• Leaf Disease (Marssonina coronaria J.J. Davis)
• Symptoms: In the leaves aged 4-6 weeks after the invisibility of white brecak look irregular, brown,And the top surface of black dots appear, Starting from the old leaves, Young leaves to all parts of Gugur.

Control:

• The spacing is not too tight, And the affected part in the flue or burned.
• In Agrisan fungicide spray 60 WP 2 gram / liter of water, Dose 1000-2000 gram / ha since 10 days after rompes with 1 week interval of 10 Applications or delseme MX 200 2gram / liter water, Henlate 0.5 gram / liter of water since age 4 days after rompes with interval 7 days to 4 weeks.
• Upas mushrooms (Cortisium salmonicolor berk et Br).
• Control: Reduce the moisture of the garden, And remove the sick plant parts.
• Cancer (Botryosphaeria Sp)
• Symptoms: Attacking the stem / branch (Rot, Blackish brown, And sometimes discharge). And fruit (small spots of light brown, Rotten, Bulging, Watering, And the color of the fruit paled.

Control:

• Not harvesting too ripe fruit.
• Reduce the moisture of the garden.
• Throw away the sick.
• Pursue the stem pain then smeared fungicide Difolatan 4 F 100 cc / 10 liter water or Copper sandoz.
• In a spray of Benomyl 0.5 gram / liter of water, Antracol 70 WP 2 gram / liter of water.
• Rotting fruit (Gloeosporium Sp)
• Symptoms: Small brown patches and black spots turned into Orange.
• Control: Not picking too ripe fruit, And dyeing with Benomyl 0.5 gram / liter of water to prevent disease on storage.
• Root Rot (Armilliaria Melea)
• Symptoms: Approaching the apple plant in a cold wet area, D marked with leaf, fall, and root skin rot.
• Control: With Eradification, ie dismantle / Revoke the affected plants and roots, And the hole is not planted at least (1 year).
• Harvest

Characteristics And Harvest Age

In general, apples can be harvested at the age of 4-5 months after the flowers bloom. And depending on the varieties and climate. Rome beauty can be quoted at the age of about 120-141 days of flowers bloom, Can be harvested at the age of 141 days after the bloom and Anna about 100 days. But in the rainy season and higher ground, fruit is longer.

The best harvesting is done when the plant reaches the physiological level of ripening, ie the rate at which the fruit has the ability to become normal after harvest. Characteristic of physiological cooking Apples are: The size of the fruit looks maximum, The smell of fruit began to feel, And the fruit color looks bright fresh and when the press feels (Kres).

How to Harvest

Picking apples is done by picking fruit with hands simultaneously for each garden.

Harvest Period

The apple harvest period is 6 months once based on the maintenance cycle that has been done.

Production Forecast

The production of buh appel is very dependent on variety, with the general production of apple is 6-15 kg / tree.

Post-harvest

1. Collection: After the picking, Apples are collected in a place that is shaded or not exposed to direct sunlight so that the rate of respiration is reduced so that in getting high quality apples also quantity. Collecting done with caution if you can not in the pile and in throw-throw. Then bring it with a basket in the warehouse for selection.

2. Sorting and classification: Sorting is done to separate between good fruit and free from disease with bad fruit or diseased fruit. So that the disease is not infected the whole fruit in the harvest that can decrease the quality of produ. Classification is done to classify products by type of variets, size and quality of fruit.

3. Storage: Basically apples can be stored longer in appeal with other fruits, for example, Rome beauty 21-28 days (Age quotes 113-120 days) Or 7-14 days (Age of 127-141 days ). For longer storage (4-7 months) Should be kept at minus 6-0 de degree C with precooling 2.2 degrees C.

4. Packaging and Transportation: Packaging in use is cardboard with size (48 x 33 x 37 cm) Weighing 35 kg of apples. The base and the top of the apple arrangement should be given a piece of paper and in a slant (Tangkaisejajar box length) .Then the bottom of the box in the contents of 3-3 or 2-2 or 3-2 intermittent interconnected space between the pieces.